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Miscellaneous Instruments
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Voyage
History of Oceanography
The Early Instruments Collections
Miscellaneous Instruments
Early Instruments
Catalog of the Oceanographic Equipment in the Collection of the OceanographicMuseum at Monaco. 7. Miscellaneous Instruments, Deck Equipment,Laboratory Instruments, by Christian Carpine. Bulletin ofthe Institute of Oceanography. Volume 76, 1998,
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Plate I. Aime apparatus for the study of oceanic wave motion at depth described by Georges Aime in 1845. Aime should be considered as the predecessor ofmodern oceanography as he designed and created many innovative oceanographicmeasuring and analys
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Figure 1. Model of Aime's first wave study instrument, built in 1838 and tested in the anchorage at Algiers the same year at depths of 11 and 18 meters. A wood top furnished with fixed points in the center of a sheet of lead andtilted by the movemen
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Figure 2. Display model of Aime's second wave study instrument built in 1839and tested in the anchorage at Algiers in 40 meters water depth for one month.This gave negative results even during periods of poor weather. The deviceweighed nearly 200 p
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Figure 3. Model of Aime's instrument for the study of lateral movement of wavesand the movement of particles within the waves, built and testedat the anchorage at Algiers in 1839 in depths of 10 and 14 meters in waves upto 1.5 meters in height.
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Figure 4. Stevenson dynanometer, designed by the Scotch engineer ThomasStevenson in 1843. This instrument measured the pressure exerted by waves on avertical surface. He used this instrument to measure the pressure of waves atthe lighthouse at Ske
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Figure 5. An Aime tide gauge. Aime's tidal studies began at the port of Algiers in 1838. Aime designed a prismatic lead tube supported by wood and providedwith a filtering mechanism at its base that attenuated wave motion. A woodfloat connected to
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Figure 6. A tide meter or scale which was easily placed in areas where waterlevel and observations of its changes were desired. Apparently this type ofinstrument was first used in the United States. One could make as observationsduring the day as r
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Figure 7. Autonomous ultrasonic tide recorder. This instrument was mounted onthe bottom and emitted sound waves that reflected off the water surface. As the water level changed, the instrument would record the apparent changes in depth. This instru
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Plate 2. Piezometers used by John Buchanan on the CHALLENGER. On the rightis a mercury piezometer and on the left is a water piezometer. Piezometers aredevices used to measure the compressibility of liquids.
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Figure 8. Nepyric Turbidity Measurement Instrument. The Nepyric Corporation was involved for many years with studying numerous types of sediment samplersdesigned to retrieve suspended solids in flowing water, retained by dams, or inmarine zones. On
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Figure 9. Buchanan piezometer (Water Model). John Buchanan was responsible forthe systematic use of various apparatus for the study of sea water and itsproperties during the CHALLENGER Expedition. To that end, he invented anddeployed numerous piezo
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Figure 10. Buchanan mercury piezometer - the second type of piezometer made byJohn Buchanan during the CHALLENGER Expedition. Like the preceding model, thistype had thermometers which remained open to the hydrostatic pressure of the sea at the dept
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Figure 11. Buchanan mercury piezometer (VORINGEN model) - This piezometerwas designed by Henrik Mohn who was inspired by Buchanan's earlier CHALLENGERdesign. Mohn had this instrument fabricated by Louis Casella and used it todetermine depths of obs
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Figure 12. Buchanan piezometers (PRINCESS ALICE models) - These newer modelswere used on the PRINCESS ALICE II by their designer, John Y. Buchanan in 1902.The first test of these instruments was on July 31st, 1902 in 2589 meters at Lat. 37 31 00N, L
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Figure 13. Ekman piezometer - In 1904 Vagn Walfrid Ekman of Switzerland, amember of the Central Laboratory of Christiana, was tasked with studying thecompressibility of sea water in relation to salinity and temperature. He devised a new model of pi
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Figure 14. Ekman piezometer (laboratory model) - In parallel with measurementsmade in the sea deployed from the PRINCESS ALICE, Vagn Ekman devised apiezometer for use in the laboratory which he most probably used at Christianaat the Central Laborato
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Figure 15. An oxygen probe - This device is much more modern than those examined previously. Two electrodes form a galvanic chain with the sea water in whichthey are immersed. the current measured depends on the diffusion of oxygenreleased under a
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Figure 16. The autonomous oceanographic measuring device. The Crouzet firmdeveloped this instrument after a study at the Naval Weapons Laboratory. Itwas used to determine temperature, pressure, and velocity of currents. It wasdeployed from the su
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Plate 3. Using the Hodges shock absorber in order to bring a dredge trawl backaboard H. M. S. PORCUPINE [after Sir Wyville Thomson, 1873.]
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