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Thermometers and Other Equipment
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Voyage
History of Oceanography
The Early Instruments Collections
Thermometers and Other Equipment
Early Instruments
Catalog of the Oceanographic Equipment in the Collection of the OceanographicMuseum at Monaco. 6. Thermometers by Christian Carpine. Bulletin ofthe Institute of Oceanography. Volume 76, 1997, No. 1442.
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Figure 1. Cavendish thermometer. Beginning in 1757 Lord Charles Cavendish,vice-president of the Royal Society, invented and described a number of thermometers utilizing the principle of the dilatation of liquid. One of these was a minimum thermomet
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Figure 2. Six's thermometer devised by James Six in 1782. Six devised maximumand minimum reading thermometers and in a posthumous publication (1794) suggested the adaptation of the maximum/minimum reading thermometers for use in thedeep sea.
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Figure 3. Six's thermometer, 1782 model. A little different from the examplein image ship 4282. These, like the previous example, were actually constructed in 1912 by Negretti and Zambra for displaying to the public at the Oceanographic Museum.
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Figure 4. Aime' recording thermometer devised by the Frenchman George Aime'at the College of Algeria in 1845. This thermometer was an improvement over the Six's maximum and minimum thermometers and was designed for deployment in thedeepest depths o
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Figure 5. Aime' minimum temperature recording thermometer presented to theAcademy of Sciences in Paris in 1844 and described by Aime' in 1845. Thisinstrument differed little from the preceding but at a small point where thefluid enters into the res
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Figure 6. Aime' maximum temperature recording thermometer. This thermometerwas constructed in 1913 as a facscimile of the earlier thermometer by Negrettiand Zambra.
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Figure 7. Aime' minimum temperature recording thermometer. This thermometer wasdesigned to be made to turn over at the desired depth and retain the minimaltemperature reading at that depth while returning to the surface. Aime' is theoriginator of t
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Figure 8. Aime' maximum temperature recording thermometer. He described thisinstrument in 1845 and it operated in a similar manner to the minimum thermometer.
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Figure 9. Walferdin maximum temperature thermometer a form of reversing thermomter designed by Francois Walferdin, a French customs official who was responsible for in 1855.
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Figure 10. Protected Six thermometer constructed by Negretti and Zambra in 1857. This type of thermometer protected the reservoir of mercury against the effects of pressure by having a second glass envelope which inhibited the heatingeffect of the
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Figure 10 (cont). Protected Six thermometer constructed by Negretti and Zambrain 1857 on its ebonite support.
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Figure 11. Six's thermometer, Miller and Casella, 1869 model.This thermometer was made at the request of Doctor William Miller, vice-president of the Royal Society, and produced by the firm of Louis Casella. Thisthermometer was designed to resist t
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Figure 11 (cont). Six's thermometer, Miller and Casella, 1869 model. Thethermometer is mounted on an ebonite support.
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Plate I. Modern reversing thermometers for use in the deep sea.I: Negretti and Zambra. II: F. C.Jacob. IIIa: V. Chabaud. IV: C. Richter.
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Figure 12. Negretti and Zambra thermometer, 1874 model. Although the principleof reversing was first described by George Aime' in 1845, this was the firstthermometer to accurately determine the temperature at great depth and return to the surface a
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Figure 13. Negretti and Zambra thermometer, 1878 model. This instrument is the direct ancestor of most reversing thermometers used up to this time. This wasthe first instrument to break the column of mercury after reversing to obtainthe reading.
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Figure 14. Negretti and Zambra thermometers, older models. These werereversing thermometers completely protected by an outer glass casing. This type of thermometer was manufactured from 1878 until 1912. The scales were graduated in degrees and ha
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Figure 14 (cont). Negretti and Zambra thermometers, older models. These werereversing thermometers completely protected by an outer glass casing. This type of thermometer was manufactured from 1878 until 1912. The scales were graduated in degrees an
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Figure 15. Negretti and Zambra thermometers, 1912 models. In 1912 a new modelof reversing thermometer was introduced which had a number of improvements thatincreased the sensitivity and accuracy of measurements including a scale that was graduated
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