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Thermometers and Other Equipment
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Voyage
History of Oceanography
The Early Instruments Collections
Thermometers and Other Equipment
Early Instruments
Figure 46. Rung mounting designed by Captain George Rung, an assistant at theMeteorological Institute of Denmark. In 1883 he described a new mechanism forreleasing the reversing thermometers by means of a messenger system. With thissystem numerous
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Figure 47. Scotch messenger mounting invented by Hugh R. Mill who was inspiredby the mounting devised by George Rung. Mill also incorporated design elementsof the Magnaghi mounting. This instrument was first used in a series ofobservations from th
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(1.24 MB)
Figure 48. Scotch messenger mounting. Left: before reversing. Right: afterreversing. This equipment was probably used by Prince Albert I of Monaco. Thedesign is very similar to that used in the Magnaghi helical mounting, butinstead used a messe
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(1.08 MB)
Figure 49. Tanner helical mounting devised by Commander Zera Luther Tanner, USN, commanding officer of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS. It is verysimilar to other types of helical mountings in its design and operation. Tanner reported
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(1.21 MB)
Figure 50. Luksch mounting and messenger system for inverting reversingthermometers. Invented by the Austrian Joseph Luksch and used during thescientific campaign of 1895-1896 on the POLA in the Mediterannean Sea and RedSea.
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(1.2 MB)
Figure 51. Pettersson universal apparatus designed by Otto Pettersson in 1904.This instrument sampled plankton and water, as well as measuring temperature,current velocity, and current direction. It was used for the first time in theSkaggerak and a
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(1.84 MB)
Figure 52. Richter mounting and messenger. This mounting was used by FranzDoflein for the measuring the temperature of the water in shoal depths inSagami Bay, Japan. The thermometers used in this mounting were manufactured byNegretti and Zambra.
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(1.31 MB)
Figure 53. Richter mounting with helical reversing mechanism. This mounting isvery similar to that in Figure 52 but was used in great depths. It was used byFranz Doflein off the coast of Japan in 1904.
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(1.3 MB)
Figure 54. Richter mounting with messenger and pump brake for slowing reversing action. With the earlier models used by Doflein, the mounting would flop overtoo quickly and jar the mercury column sufficiently to cause its separation. To slow down
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(1.77 MB)
Figure 55. Stahlberg mounting devised by Dr. Walter Stahlberg, conservator ofthe Museum fur Meereskunde at Berlin. This mounting could be used with either a messenger for reversing in relatively shallow water or a helical system fordeep water. It
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(1.34 MB)
Figure 56. Negretti and Zambra mounting with chain and messenger reversingsystem. This system was devised in 1912 by Negretti and Zambra as amodification of the Scotch mounting.
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Figure 57. Kohler mounting and messenger system. This system wascommercialized by Fritz Kohler at about the beginning of the Twentieth Century. However, its simplicity and fragility caused it to be little used.
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(1.12 MB)
Figure 58. Insulated water bottle and thermometer devised by Rudolph Fuessabout the end of the Nineteenth Century. It was used notably by German vessels.
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(1.05 MB)
Plate 2. Magnifying glass devised by Fridtjof Nansen for reading thermometerscales. The thermometer is placed such that the two notches designated c areon the thermometer; the thermometer is adjusted such that the top of the mercury column is locat
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Figure 59. Nansen microscope for precise reading of thermometers. Thisinstrument was designed by Fridtjof Nansen to facilitate the reading ofthermometer scales and to better be able to estimate values between graduationsof the scale and also to bet
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(1.79 MB)
Figure 60. Richter microscope for reading thermometers. Much less sophisticated than the Nansen microscope, was frequently used to read with good precisionthe scales of reversing thermometers. This instrument was described andconceived by the firm
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(1.36 MB)
Figure 61. Nansen magnifying glass for reading thermometers. This magnifyingglass was described in Plate 2, image ship4353. This magnifying glass differedlittle from that devised by Richter. This type of glass was commercializedabout 1914.
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(1.17 MB)
Plate 3. Clement metallic thermometer - cross sectional schematic of the model at the Oceanographic Museum at Monaco. The model at the museum was constructed by Negretti and Zambra in 1912 after the original made in 1839 by Leander Clement, the cl
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(1.31 MB)
Figure 62. Breguet-Saxton metallic thermometer first invented about 1817 by the instrument maker Louis Abraham Breguet. The first of this type was composed of platinum, silver, and gold with the silver placed in the center. Differentialexpansion o
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Figure 63. Clement metallic thermometer, first mentioned in 1839 by the clock-maker of Rochefort, Leandre Clement. This thermometer functioned by thedifferential contraction or expansion of two strips of differing metals. Theywere soldered togethe
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(1.87 MB)
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